Nutrition Recommendations to Prevent Kidney Stones: Realistic Dietary Goals and Expectations

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There is no standard diet to prevent kidney stones because there are various types of kidney stones and risk factors associated with each one of them. In order to provide individualized nutrition therapy, dietitians need to look at the medical history, current/past dietary pattern, type of stone, 24-hour urine parameters, and medications.

The followings are some types of kidney stones:
·      Calcium oxalate stones (which is caused by: high urinary calcium excretion, high urinary oxalate excretion, low urinary citrate/magnesium excretion or low urine volume.
·      Calcium phosphate stone (which is caused by: high urinary calcium excretion, low urinary citrate excretion, high urine pH, or low urine volume)
·      Uric acid stones (which is caused by: genetic problem, or some diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and sickle cell disease. These might result in high urinary uric acid excretion, low (acid) urine pH, or low urine volume)
·      Cystine Stones (occur genetically where the kidney is unable to filter the cystine. May need to control the methionine in diet)

Dietitians need to check for excessive sodium intake, high acidic food, excessive calcium intake, magnesium deficiency, or medications that causes hypocitraturia. Dietitians also need to check contributing health conditions that might affect urine PH such as obesity or insulin resistance. Weather the stones resulted from dietary factor or not, diet plays important role in treating/preventing the occurrence/recurrence of kidney stones. It is essential for the RD to know the stone composition and the associated causes and risk factors.


A.K.B


Penniston, K. L. (2015). Nutrition Recommendations to Prevent Kidney Stones: Realistic Dietary Goals and Expectations. In Kidney Stone Disease (pp. 187-200). Springer International Publishing.

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